Mechanism of Breathing (ventilation)

             Mechanism of Breathing

The lungs themselves needed draw in air nor push it out the diaphragm abdominal muscle and the intercostal muscles accomplish the expansion and contraction of lungs the diaphragm is a large Dome of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity there are two sets of intercostal muscles between each pair of ribs the external intercostal and the internal intercostal the muscle fibre Run diagonally But in opposite direction in the two sets of muscle breathing takes place in two faces ie inspiration and expiration

Inspiration it is taking in of air it is the active phase of breathing during inspiration the contraction of diaphragm causes its dome shaped to flatten and contraction of the external intercostal and relaxation of the internal intercostal causes the Rib cage to move upward and forward both these events result in increase of inner space of thoracic cavity consequently the pressure in the Thorax and in the lungs is reduced so air enters the lungs and alveoli become inflated

Expiration it is the removal of air out of lungs it is the passive phase of breathing during expiration relaxation of diaphragm causes it to become more dome shaped whereas relaxation of the external intercostal and contraction of the internal intercostal causes the Rib cage to move downward and backward both these event result in degrees of inner space of thoracic cavity pressure inside the Thorax and lungs is increased so air is forced to expelled out of the lungs

Respiratory Pigments

                      Respiratory pigments

Respiratory pigments are coloured molecules which act as oxygen Carriers by binding reversibly to oxygen.

There are only two well known respiratory pigments :-

Haemoglobin
Myoglobin

Haemoglobin it contains 4 globin protein chains is associated with haem an iron containing group which combines loosely with oxygen and in this way oxygen is carried in the blood where has at low oxygen concentration the oxygen is quickly released

Myoglobin    it consists of one polypeptide chain. This change is associated with an iron containing ring structure. This iron can bind with one molecule of oxygen. it is found in skeletal muscles and is the main reason why meat appears red.myoglobin releases oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is below 20 mm HG. in this way it act as a store of Oxygen and resting muscle only releasing date when suppliers of oxyhaemoglobin have been exhausted.

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Human Brain and its Parts

               Human  Brain Anatomy 
 Brain is a organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.
                  Human Brain & its Parts
Human brain is divided into three major parts
Forebrain
Midbrain 
Hindbrain

Forebrain  is divided into 3 parts

Cerebrum which has two hemispheres right hemisphere and left hemisphere the connection between these two hemisphere is called as Corpus callosum
Thalamus it receives information and stimuli except smell
Limbic system it is divided into three parts hypothalamus, amygadla, hippocampus  

Midbrain 

It is the least developed part of brain it is also a connection between forebrain and hindbrain it also help in reticular formation

Hindbrain is divided into 3 parts

Cerebellum it maintains equilibrium during walking and running
Pons it controls pattern of heartbeat
Medula this part of brain controls involuntary actions

For further clearance of your concept flow diagram is given below

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Bone Fracture

                       Bone Fracture

First of all we can we understand what is bone fracture, bone fracture is the medical term used for broken bones it occurs when physical force exerted on bone is stronger than the bone itself bone fracture has three types,
the three types are the following:-

simple or closed fracture

The given above picture is the clear example of simple or closed fracture simple or closed fracture is the type of fracture in which skin is intact in this fracture no muscles is damaged or no adjacent organs are damaged but only bone is damaged

Let's move towards the second type of fracture

Compound or open fracture

The given above picture is clear example of compound or open fracture it is a type of fracture in which bones and penetrate the skin and forms a wound at the place of fracture in this type of facial skin is also damaged and sometimes the bone penetrate out of the body which is the major complication

Let's move to the third and the last type of bone fracture

Complicated fracture

The last type and the major type of bone fracture is the complicated fracture it is the type of fracture in which when the fracture damages the organ around the bone then the fracture is called to be as complicated fracture

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